Migration controls and counter-terrorism in Europe: a discussion of challenges and policies
Abstract
This paper explores the European suspicion against the migrants and analyses the European security concerns regarding terrorist attacks. The paper shows that Europeans’ wrong perception about migrants has been created by homogenizing the category of migrants as well as politicizing the issue of migrants for electoral maneuvering. The suspicion has been grown after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. Islamic radical organization Al-Qaeda perpetrated this attack to achieve its political agenda. This attack gave legitimacy to America and Europe to suspect everybody who is coming into their area. The studies on linking migration with terrorism show scanty evidence, but scholars have biased opinions on this. The paper explores all these issues.
Downloads
References
Antúnez, Juan Carlos, (October 21, 2019), Refugees and Terrorism: The Real Threat, Políticas De Seguridad, Global Strategy, Universidad De Granad.
Bharti, S. S. (2020). Development Economics and Re-construction of Developing Countries: Reflections and Insights. Journal of Scientific Papers «Social Development and Security», 10(4), 69-77. DOI: 10.33445/sds.2020.10.4.6
Bharti, S. S. (2020). Strengthening the Development Partnership between the EU and South Asia: A Contemporary Analysis. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 20(2), 278-298. DOI: 10.34135/sjps.200205
Consolidated Version of Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:2016:202:FULL&from=EN
Dean, Sarah, Continent of fear, DailyMail online, 27 July 2016, Available from: http://www.dailymail.com
Dragičević, Daniel, Is there any Correlation between Terrorism and Immigration? Evidence From Eu Countries, Journal of Business Paradigms, Vol. 4, No 2, 2019, pp. 4-21.
European Union, Consolidated Version of Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:2016:202:FULL&from=EN
Ganor, Boaz. 1998. "Defining Terrorism: Is One Man's Terrorist Another Man's Freedom Fighter?" International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Herzlia, Israel. Sept. 24. Accessed at: http://www.ict.org.il/.
Gaub, Florence, (8 March 2017) Trends in terrorism, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), EU Institute for Security Studies | QN-AL-17-004-2A-N | ISBN 978-92-9198-511-1 | ISSN 2315-1129 | DOI: 10.2815/66788.
Global Terrorism Index 2016, Available from: http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.
GTD Global terrorism database, Codebook: Inclusion Criteria and Variables, START A Center of Excellence of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA 301.405.6600, June 2016.
Harb, Dr Hani, Reconnaissance: Many Europeans are afraid of the terror by refugees, Abwab, the first European website written in Arabic, by refugees and for refugees. Unit 5 Cavendish House, 369-391 Burnt Oak Broadway, Edgware HA8 5AW, Greater London, United Kingdom, http://www.abwab.eu/contact-us/ July 12, 2016.
Hoffman, Bruce. 1998. Inside Terrorism. Columbia University.
https://www.rcc.int/swp/news/55/46-years-of-terrorist-attacks-in-europe-visualized
Hussaein, Sammur Obsessed with the security of Europe an open confrontation with terrorism, Al-Manar net, Lebanon, 29 March 2016, Available from: http://english.almanar.com.lb/
Karim Zirak Abdullah, Terrorism in the mirror of the sociology of knowledge, master thesis, Lugansk 2010.
Kruglanski, Arie, and Katarzyna Jaśko, Erica Molinario, David Webber. (July 2018), Potential for radicalization amongst Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon: Risks, factors, and implications. Report to the Office of University Programs, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. College Park, MD: START p. 9-10.
Leonard, Sarah, Border Controls as a Dimension of the European Union’s Counter-Terrorism Policy: A Critical Assessment, Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684527.2014.988447
Poushter, Jacob, September 16, 2016, European opinions of the refugee crisis in 5 charts, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/16/european-opinions-of-the-refugee-crisis-in-5-charts.
Regional Cooperation Council (RCC), Security Web Portal (SWP), IISG Integrative Internal Security Governance, 46 years of terrorist attacks in Europe, visualized, 06.08.2018
Salehyan, I., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2006). Refugees and the spread of civil war. International Organization, 335-366.
Teichman, J. (1989). How to define terrorism. Philosophy, 64(250), 505-517.
Trump D.J. (2017) Executive order 13769: protecting the nation from foreign terrorist entry into the United States. Federal Register 82, 8977–8982.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, S/RES/1373 (2001), 28 September 2001
USAID, The Development Response to Violent Extremism and Insurgency.
Vriese, Casper (November 2016) Facing the root causes of terrorism, The Sociology of Development and Change Group, Wageningen University, Supervisor: dr.ir. G van der Haar 950413917050.
Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes and Katie Simmons, Global Attitudes & Trends, Pew Research Center, 1615 L Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, July 11, 2016, Available from: www.pewglobal.org.
Wiktorowicz, Quintan Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West.
World Migration Report 2018, Chapter 9, Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wom3.9.
Wright J.D. and Esses V.M. (2019) it’s security, stupid! Voters’ perceptions of immigrants as a security risk predicted support for Donald Trump in the 2016 US presidential election. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 49, 36–49.
Abstract views: 294 PDF Downloads: 249
The authors agree with the following conditions:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication (Download agreement) with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors have the right to complete individual additional agreements for the non-exclusive spreading of the journal’s published version of the work (for example, to post work in the electronic repository of the institution or to publish it as part of a monograph), with the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal.
3. Journal’s politics allows and encourages the placement on the Internet (for example, in the repositories of institutions, personal websites, SSRN, ResearchGate, MPRA, SSOAR, etc.) manuscript of the work by the authors, before and during the process of viewing it by this journal, because it can lead to a productive research discussion and positively affect the efficiency and dynamics of citing the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).